In these figures, the dotted red line divides events into those determined not to be WIMPs based on the relative timing of the heat to charge signals (left side) and those that could potentially be WIMPs based on that parameter (right side). The solid red box delineates the area of the graph in which WIMPs should occur based on both timing and the heat to charge ratio. Two events in separate detectors demonstrated the characteristics scientists predicted a WIMP would have.
In the analysis of new data, scientists from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment, managed by the Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, have detected two events that have characteristics consistent with the particles that physicists believe make up dark matter.
However, there is a chance that both events could be the signatures of background particles–other particles with interactions that mimic the signals of dark matter candidates. Scientists have a strict criterion when determining whether a discovery has been made. There must be less than one chance in 1000 that the observed events could be due to background. This result does not yet pass that test, so CDMS experimenters do not claim to have detected dark matter. Nevertheless, the result has caused considerable excitement in the scientific community.
CDMS Analysis Coordinator Jodi Cooley of Southern Methodist University said in a presentation at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory that "our results cannot be interpreted as significant evidence for WIMP [dark matter] interactions. However, we cannot exclude either [of the two candidate events] as signal."
She also said that, "the two events occurred during a time of nearly ideal detector performance--there was nothing suspicious going on. Both events passed all of our data quality checks."
Lauren Hsu, a CDMS researcher at Fermilab, said in a presentation at Fermilab that "this is a very intriguing result. We really don't know if this is a background or a signal. As an experimenter you always wish you had more data. I'm really interested to see what our next results will be."
CDMS researchers announced their results in parallel talks at Fermilab and SLAC on Thursday, Dec. 17. The collaboration details the results in a paper "Results from the Final Exposure of the CDMS II Experiment," that they have submitted to the physics preprint ArXiv for publication.
Astronomical observations from telescopes, satellites, and measurements of the cosmic microwave background have led scientists to believe that most of the matter in the universe neither emits nor absorbs light. This dark matter may have provided the gravitational scaffolding that allowed normal matter to coalesce into the galaxies we see today. In particular, scientists think our own galaxy is embedded within an enormous cloud of dark matter. As our solar system rotates around the galaxy, it moves through this cloud.
Particle physics theories suggest that dark matter is composed of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). Cooley said, "Both astrophysics and particle physics are pointing at the same thing. It's what we call a happy coincidence."
Scientists expect these particles to have masses comparable to, or perhaps heavier than, atomic nuclei. Although such WIMPs would rarely interact with normal matter, they may occasionally bounce off, or scatter from, an atomic nucleus like billiard balls, leaving a small amount of energy that is detectable under the right conditions.
The CDMS experiment, located a half-mile underground at the Soudan mine in northern Minnesota, has been searching for WIMPs since 2003. The experiment uses 30 detectors made of crystals of germanium and silicon in an attempt to detect WIMP scatters. The detectors are cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero. Particle interactions in the crystalline detectors deposit energy as heat and as charges that move in an applied electric field. Special sensors detect these signals, which are then amplified and recorded for later study. By comparing the size and relative timing of these two signals, experimenters can distinguish whether the particle that interacted in the crystal was a WIMP or a background particle. Layers of shielding materials, as well as the half-mile of rock above the experiment, are used to prevent most of the background particles from reaching the detector.
Previous CDMS data did not yield evidence for WIMPs, but did assure physicists that the backgrounds have been suppressed to the level where as few as one WIMP interaction per year could have been detected.
CDMS collaborators are now reporting on their new data set, taken in 2007-2008, which approximately doubles the sum of all past data sets. With each new data set, collaborators must carefully evaluate each detector's performance, excluding periods when the detectors were not operating properly.
Physicists assess detector operation by frequently exposing the detector to sources of two types of radiation: gamma rays and neutrons. Gamma rays are the principal source of normal matter background in the experiment. Neutrons are the only known type of particle that will interact with germanium nuclei in the billiard ball style that WIMPs would. Neutrons frequently hit more than one of the CDMS detectors, while WIMPs would only hit one.
Experimenters use data from these studies as a baseline for determining how well a WIMP-like signal (produced by neutrons) is visible over a background (produced by gamma rays). Based on this information, physicists predict that no more than one background event will be visible in the data region where WIMP signals would appear. Since background and signal regions overlap somewhat, achievement of this background level required experimenters to throw out roughly 2/3 of the data that might contain WIMPs, because these data would contain too many background events.
CDMS experimenters do all of their data analysis without looking at the data region that might contain WIMP events. This standard scientific technique, sometimes referred to as ‘blinding’, is used to avoid the unintentional bias that might lead a scientist to keep events that have some of the characteristics of WIMP interactions but are really from background sources. After collaborators have made detailed estimates of background ‘leakage’ into the WIMP signal region, they ‘open the box’, or look in that region, and see if there are any WIMP events present.
The curves dipping through this figure represent the results of several dark matter search experiments. The vertical scale represents the rate of WIMP scatters with nuclei while the horizontal scale is the mass of the WIMP. The gray line represents the 2008 results from the CDMS experiment. The blue line represents the most recent CDMS results. The solid black line represents the two results combined. The dotted black line represents the curve the combined results would have formed if CDMS had found no candidate events in 2009. The green and gray backgrounds represent areas that two theories of supersymmetry predict would contain dark matter.
A signal of about five events would meet criteria to claim a discovery. With only two events detected in this data set, there is about a one in four chance that these could be due to backgrounds. Therefore, CDMS experimenters do not claim to have discovered WIMPs. Previous results have established a rate of interaction between WIMPs and nuclei that varies depending on WIMP mass. The new result improves upon these limits for WIMPs with a large mass. Such upper limits are quite valuable in eliminating a number of theories that might explain dark matter. For examples, the results rule out some parameter values that the theory of supersymmetry could have.
What comes next? While physicists could operate the same set of detectors at Soudan for many more years to look for more WIMP events, this would not take advantage of new detector developments and would try the patience of even the most stalwart experimenters (not to mention theorists).
Cooley said in her presentation that the CDMS experiment would need to run for about 2.5 times as long to reach discovery significance if the two candidate events were actual dark matter particles.
A better way to increase sensitivity to WIMPs is to boost the size of detectors that might see the particles, while still maintaining the ability to keep backgrounds under control. This is precisely what CDMS experimenters are now in the process of doing. By summer of 2010, collaborators hope to have about three times more germanium nuclei sitting near absolute zero at Soudan, patiently waiting for WIMPs to provide the perfect billiard ball shots that will offer compelling evidence for dark matter.
"While this result is consistent with dark matter, it is also consistent with backgrounds,” said Fermilab Director Pier Oddone. “In 2010, the collaboration is installing an upgraded detector (SuperCDMS) at Soudan with three times the mass and lower backgrounds than the present detectors. If these two events are indeed a dark matter signal, then the upgraded detector will be able to tell us definitively that we have found a dark matter particle."
The CDMS collaboration includes more than 59 scientists from 18 institutions and receives funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, foreign funding agencies in Canada and Switzerland, and from member institutions.
The paper is now available at the arXiv.
Background information:
http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/cdms_background2008.html
CDMS image gallery:
http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/CDMS_Photos2008/index.html
CDMS home page:
http://cdms.berkeley.edu/index.html
With additional reporting by David Harris.
